<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mos</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Современные востоковедческие исследования</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modern Oriental Studies</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2686-9675</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2782-1935</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24412/2686-9675-2-2025-147-163</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mos-149</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ &amp; МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORYCAL SCIENCES &amp; INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Исторические аспекты функционирования идеи «тюркского мира»  во внешнеполитическом курсе Турецкой Республики</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Historical aspects of the functioning of the idea of the "Turkic world"  in the foreign policy of the Republic of Turkey</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сафин</surname><given-names>И. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Safin</surname><given-names>N. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сафин Наиль Рашидович,  кафедра международных отношении , мировой  политики и дипломатии Института международных отношении , истории  и востоковедения</p><p>г.Казань, ул.Кремлевская 9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nail R. Safin, Department of International Relations, World Politics, and Diplomacy Institute of International Relations, History, and Oriental Studies</p><p>9 Kremlyovskaya St., Kazan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">safnail@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нафиков</surname><given-names>И. З.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nafikov</surname><given-names>I. Z.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Нафиков Ильсур Закирзянович, к.и.н., доцент, заведующий  кафедрой  алтаистики, тюркских и центральноазиатских исследовании  Института международных отношении , истории и востоковедения</p><p>г.Казань, ул.Кремлевская 9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ilsur Z. Nafikov, Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Altaic Studies, Turkic, and Central Asian Studies</p><p>9 Kremlyovskaya St., Kazan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ilsur.nafikov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>147</fpage><lpage>163</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Сафин И.Р., Нафиков И.З., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сафин И.Р., Нафиков И.З.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Safin N.R., Nafikov I.Z.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://mos.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/149">https://mos.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/149</self-uri><abstract><p> Статья посвящена рассмотрению роли  и особенности идеи «тюркского мира» во внешней  политике Турции как инструменту воплощения экспансионистских устремлении  Турецкой  Республики. Политика Турции на постсоветском пространстве строится на культурно-цивилизационном родстве с тюркскими народами. Анкара в рамках ОТГ активно продвигает собственные проекты во всех сферах, увеличивая свое влияние в странах Прикаспия: оборонная промышленность, экономика, энергетика, образование и культура. Стратегия «мягкой силы» позволила Анкаре укрепить свои позиции в области образования и науки,  к примеру открытие турецких университетов, школ, реализация грантов и стипендиальных программ, проведение международных симпозиумов и конференций , финансируемые правительством (в т.ч. ТИКА, ТЮРКСОИ  и др.)  в бывших советских республиках.</p><p> Пантюркизм, возникший  как политическое движение национальной  интеллигенции  в Османской  империи, проповедовал языковую, религиозную и культурную общность всех тюркоязычных народов, и выдвигал амбициозную цель создать тюркское квази-государство — «Великий Туран», в состав которого должны были войти все тюркские народы. После распада СССР Турция одной  из первых признала независимость бывших республик и активно включилась в процесс выстраивания отношении  с новыми независимыми государствами. Основнои  упор во внешнеполитическои  стратегии Анкары делался на тюркские государства постсоветского пространства. Через создание блока тюркоязычных государств со своим лидерством Турция рассчитывала использовать исторический  шанс по трансформации в крупного, трансрегионального игрока с глобальными амбициями и инструментами влияния на международной  арене.   </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article is devoted to the consideration of the role and features of the idea of the «Turkic world» in the foreign policy of Turkey as a tool for implementing the expansionist aspirations of the Turkish Republic. Turkey's policy in the postSoviet space is based on cultural and civilizational kinship with the Turkic peoples. Ankara, within the framework of the United Territory, actively promotes its own projects in all areas, increasing its influence in the Caspian countries: defense industry, economy, energy, education and culture. The strategy of «soft power» allowed Ankara to strengthen its position in the field of education and science, for example, the opening of Turkish universities, schools, the implementation of grants and scholarship programs, holding international symposiums and conferences financed by the government (including TIKA, TURKSOY, etc.) in the former Soviet republics. Pan-Turkism, which emerged as a political movement of the national intelligentsia in the Ottoman Empire, preached the linguistic, religious and cultural community of all Turkic-speaking peoples and put forward the ambitious goal of creating a Turkic quasi-state – «Great Turan», which was to include all Turkic peoples. After the collapse of the USSR, Turkey was one of the first to recognize the independence of the former republics and actively joined the process of building relations with the newly independent states. The main emphasis in Ankara's foreign policy strategy was on the Turkic states of the post-Soviet space. By creating a bloc of Turkicspeaking states with its leadership, Turkey hoped to use the historical chance to transform itself into a major, trans-regional player with global ambitions and instruments of influence in the international arena.</p><p>-</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Турецкая Республика</kwd><kwd>геополитическая конкуренция</kwd><kwd>тюркский мир</kwd><kwd>пантюркизм</kwd><kwd>неоосманизм</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Turkish Republic</kwd><kwd>geopolitical competition</kwd><kwd>Turkic world</kwd><kwd>pan-Turkism</kwd><kwd>neoOttomanism</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бартольд В.В. Тюрки: Двенадцать лекций по истории турецких народов Средней Азии. Алматы: Жалын, 1993.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Волков К. Что за шум вокруг Идлиба // России ская газета. 18.02.2020. https://rg.ru/2020/02/18/zachem-turciia-prishla-vsiriiu.html (дата обращения: 01.03.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кононов А.Н. История изучения тюркских языков в России: Дооктябрьский период. Л.: Наука. Ленингр. отд-ние, 1972.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barthold V.V. Turks: Twelve Lectures on the History of the Turkish Peoples of Central Asia. Almaty: Zhalyn, 1993. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Еремеев Д. Е. «Тюрк» — этноним иранского происхождения? (К проблеме этногенеза древних тюрков). Советская этнография. 1990; № 3. С. 129–135.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kononov A.N. History of the Study of Turkic Languages in Russia: Pre-October Period. L.: Science. Leningrad Department, 1972. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">История Казахской ССР: с древнейших времен до наших дней: в 5 томах / гл. ред. колл. А. Н. Нусупбеков (гл. редактор), ред. колл. С.Н. Покровскии и др.; Академия наук Казахскои ССР, Институт истории, археологии и этнографии им. Ч.Ч. Валиханова: Издательство Наука Казахскои ССР, 1977.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eremeev D.E. «Turk» - an Ethnonym of Iranian Origin? (On the Problem of the Ethnogenesis of the Ancient Turks). Soviet Ethnography. 1990; No. 3. Pp. 129-135. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гумилев Л.Н. Древние тюрки. М.: Наука, 1967.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">History of the Kazakh SSR: from ancient times to the present day: in 5 volumes / ed.-in-chief of the coll. A.N. Nusupbekov (ed.-in-chief), ed. -in-chief of the coll. S.N. Pokrovsky et al.; Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography named after Ch.Ch. Valikhanov: Publishing House Science of the Kazakh SSR, 1977. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кляшторныи С.Г. Древнетюркские рунические памятники как источник по истории Средней Азии. М.: Наука, 1964.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gumilev L.N. Ancient Turks. Moscow: Nauka, 1967. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Акишев К.А. Древние и средневековые государства на территории Казахстана (этюды исследования) Монография. Алматы, 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klyashtorny S.G. Ancient Turkic Runic Monuments as a Source on the History of Central Asia. Moscow: Nauka, 1964. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пигулевская Н.В. Византия и Иран на рубеже VI и VII вв., М./Л., 1946.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akishev K.A. Ancient and Medieval States on the Territory of Kazakhstan (Research Sketches) Monograph. Almaty, 2013. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бичурин Н.Я. Собрание сведений о народах, обитавших в Средней Азии в древние времена. Т. 1. М-Л.: Изд-во и 2-я тип. Изд-ва Акад. наук СССР, 1950.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pigulevskaya N.V. Byzantium and Iran at the Turn of the 6th and 7th Centuries, Moscow/ Leningrad, 1946. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Малов С.Е. Памятники древнетюркской письменности: тексты и исследования /; [отв. ред. А.Н. Кононов]; Акад. наук СССР, Ин-т языкознания. М-Л.: Изд-во Акад. наук СССР, 1951.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bichurin N.Ya. Collection of information about the peoples who inhabited Central Asia in ancient times. T. 1. M-L: Publishing house and 2nd type. Publishing house of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1950. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Токарев С.Е. Этнография народов СССР: Ист. основы быта и культуры. М.: Изд-во Моск. ун-та, 1958.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malov S.E. Monuments of ancient Turkic writing: texts and studies /; [ed. A.N. Kononov]; USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of  Linguistics. M-L: Publishing house of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1951. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рашид-ад-Дин, Сборник летописей. М.-Л.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1952.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tokarev S.E. Ethnography of the peoples of the USSR: Historical foundations of life and culture. Moscow: Publishing house of Moscow University, 1958. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Материалы по истории туркмен и Туркмении. Т. I. Волин С.Л., Ромаскевич А.А., Якубовскии А.Ю. М.-Л., Издательство АН СССР, 1939.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rashid-ad-Din, Collection of chronicles. M-L: Publishing house of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1952. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лащук Л.П. Опыт типологии этнических общностеи средневековых тюрок и монголов. Советская этнография, 1968; № 1. С. 95-106.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Materials on the history of the Turkmens and Turkmenistan. T. I. Volin S.L., Romaskevich A.A., Yakubovsky A.Yu. M.-L., Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1939. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баскаков Н.А. Введение в изучение тюркских языков. М.: Высш. школа, 1969.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lashchuk L.P. Experience of typology of ethnic communities of medieval Turks and Mongols. Soviet ethnography, 1968; No. 1. P. 95-106. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кононов А.Н. Опыт анализа термина «тюрк». Советская этнография. 1949; № 1. С. 40-47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baskakov N.A. Introduction to the study of Turkic languages. M.: Higher. school, 1969. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Текин Т. Проблема классификации тюркских языков. Проблемы современнои тюркологии. Алма-Ата, 1980.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kononov A.N. Experience in analyzing the term «Turk». Soviet ethnography. 1949; No. 1. P. 40-47. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баскаков Н.А. Тюркские языки. М.: Изд-во восточнои литературы, 1960.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tekin T. The problem of classification of Turkic languages. Problems of modern Turkology. Alma-Ata, 1980. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Еремеев Д.Е. Пантюркизм. БСЭ. М., 1975. Т.19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baskakov N.A. Turkic languages. M.: Publishing House of Eastern Literature, 1960. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Надеин-Раевскии В.А. История пантюркизма и его современные сторонники. Часть 1. Пантюркизм: основные вехи истории. Перспективы. Электронный журнал. 2022; № 1 (28). С. 62-73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eremeev D.E. Pan-Turkism. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. M., 1975. Vol. 19. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Надеин-Раевскии В.А. Пантюркизм в рамках идеологическои экспансии Турецкои Республики. Ближний и Постсоветский Восток. 2024; № 1 (5). С. 17–24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nadein-Raevsky V.A. History of Pan-Turkism and its Modern Supporters. Part 1. PanTurkism: Main Milestones in History. Prospects. Electronic Journal. 2022; No. 1 (28). P. 62-73. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аватков В.А., Сбитнева А.И. Новыи национализм Турецкои Республики. Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Политология. 2022; Т. 24. № 2. С. 291–302.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nadein-Raevsky V.A. Pan-Turkism in the Framework of the Ideological Expansion of the Turkish Republic. The Middle and Post-Soviet East. 2024; No. 1 (5). P. 17–24. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taha Akyol Türk dunyası ne demek. https://www.milliyet.com.tr/yazarlar/taha-akyol/turk-dunyasi-ne-demek-1116027 (дата обращения: 18.02.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avakov V.A., Sbitneva A.I. New Nationalism of the Turkish Republic. Bulletin of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. Series: Political Science. 2022; Vol. 24. No. 2. Pp. 291–302. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Турецко-русский словарь: 48 000 слов / Ред.: Э. М.-Э. Мустафаев и Л.Н. Старостов; АН СССР. Ин-т востоковедения. М.: Рус. яз., 1977.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taha Akyol Türk dunyası ne demek. https://www.milliyet.com.tr/yazarlar/taha-akyol/turk-dunyasi-ne-demek-1116027 (accessed: 18.02.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Притчин С.А. Турецкая стратегия в отношении Центральнои Азии на современном этапе: сильные стороны и ограничители. Ои кумена. Регионоведческие исследования. 2024; № 2. С. 52-62.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Turkish-Russian Dictionary: 48,000 words / Ed.: E. M.-E. Mustafayev and L. N. Starostov; USSR Academy of Sciences. Institute of Oriental Studies. Moscow: Rus. lang., 1977. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Грязев А. Обыграть Москву: как Анкара строит тюркскии мир. Газета.ru. https://news.rambler.ru/middleeast/44528443obygrat-moskvu-kak-ankara-stroit-tyurkskiymir/?ysclid=m84xghscps922020986 (дата обращения: 01.03.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pritchin S. A. Turkish strategy towards Central Asia at the present stage: strengths and limitations. Oikumena. Regional studies. 2024; № 2. P. 52-62. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аватков В.А. Постсоветское пространство и Турция: итоги 30 лет. Контуры глобальных трансформаций: политика, экономика, право. 2021; № 5. С. 162–176.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gryazev A. Beat Moscow: How Ankara is Building the Turkic World. Gazeta.ru. https://news.rambler.ru/middleeast/44528443obygrat-moskvu-kak-ankara-stroit-tyurkskiy-mir/?ysclid=m84xghscps922020986 (accessed: 01.03.2025). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ataç, C. A. Pax Ottomanica no more! The “peace” discourse in Turkish foreign policy in the post-Davutog lu era and the prolonged Syrian crisis. Digest of Middle East Studies. 2019; (1). P. 48—69 (на тур. яз.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avatkov V.A. Post-Soviet Space and Turkey: Results of 30 Years. Outlines of Global Trans- formations: Politics, Economics, Law. 2021; № 5. P. 162–176. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Надеин-Раевскии В.А. Политика Турции на Ближнем Востоке. Пути к миру и безопасности. 2020; № 1 (58). С. 139—156.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ataç, C.A. Pax Ottomanica no more! The «peace» discourse in Turkish foreign policy in the post-Davutoğlu era and the prolonged Syrian crisis. Digest of Middle East Studies. 2019; (1). P. 48–69 (In Turkish).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нахичеванское соглашение о создании Совета сотрудничества тюркоязычных государств (г. Нахичевань, 3 октября 2009 года). https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=30486433 (дата обращения 12.02.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nadein-Raevsky V.A. Turkey’s policy in the Middle East. Paths to peace and security. 2020; № 1 (58). P. 139–156. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Глазова А.В., Иваненко В.И., Колесников А.А., Свистунова И.А. Влияние «арабскои весны» на неарабские страны Ближнего Востока. Россия и мусульманский мир. 2015; № 4 (274). С. 94—117.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nakhchivan agreement on the establishment of the Cooperation Council of Turkic-Speaking States (Nakhchivan, October 3, 2009). https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=30486433 	(date 	of 	access 12.02.2025). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Glazova A.V., Ivanenko V.I., Kolesnikov A.A., Svistunova I.A. The Impact of the «Arab Spring» on Non-Arab Countries of the Middle East. Russia and the Muslim World. 2015; No. 4 (274). Pp. 94-117. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glazova A.V., Ivanenko V.I., Kolesnikov A.A., Svistunova I.A. The Impact of the «Arab Spring» on Non-Arab Countries of the Middle East. Russia and the Muslim World. 2015; No. 4 (274). Pp. 94-117. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Volkov K. What's All the Fuss Around Idlib // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 18.02.2020. https:// rg.ru/2020/02/18/zachem-turciia-prishla-vsiriiu.html (date of access: 01.03.2025). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volkov K. What's All the Fuss Around Idlib // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 18.02.2020. https:// rg.ru/2020/02/18/zachem-turciia-prishla-vsiriiu.html (date of access: 01.03.2025). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
