The article examines the features of the means of linguistic manipulation in the socio-political discourse of the People’s Republic of China.

   The purpose of this study is to identify the peculiarities of the use of language manipulation techniques in news articles and media publications in China.

   The research is based on scientific methods such as contextual analysis, linguostatistical method and intent analysis. The materials for the study were articles for 2021-2023 published on such Chinese news portals as the Xinhua News Agency, the news tabloid “Huanqiu”, the Beijing newspaper of the Communist Party of China “The Beijing News”, the news portal “Sina News”, the daily newspaper of the Communist Youth League of China “China Youth Daily”, “Beijing Daily” and state news agency “China News Service”. In the first part of the article, the authors consider the issue of defining such concepts as socio-political discourse and language manipulation in modern linguistics. Then an analysis of Chinese articles is provided on the use of linguistic manipulative means and the identification of their characteristic features. During the analysis, the authors highlight lexical, grammatical, graphic and phonetic techniques of language manipulation used in Chinese media. The authors come to the conclusion that the use of language manipulation in Chinese socio-political discourse is directly related to the position of the government and the CCP on certain social and political events, as well as the interaction of all levels of the Chinese language (grammatical, lexical and phonetic) for successful implementation of the technique of language manipulation in the socio-political discourse of the PRC.

   Language is a great value of all nations in the world. Thanks to languages, many cultural traditions are passed on from generation to generation. However, the trend of globalization is also gradually affecting the language of a nation. Every day more and more borrowed words appear in Vietnamese language. They are widely used in many fields, from topics on everyday life to topics in economics, politics. Over a long period of time, determining which words are loanwords and which words — pure Vietnamese words is not a simple task. The mass media use language as a means of communication, so they are very sensitive, active in the exchange and language development. Contemporary Vietnamese media reflect the diversity, innovation and development trends of the modern Vietnamese language. This article examines the use of English words in Vietnamese newspapers. Aspects of preserving the purity of the Vietnamese language are also discussed.

   For the present, due to the increasing interest of the China inhabitants in the Russian culture, the issue of Russian culture-specific items rendering methods becomes relevant. The number of Russian films in the Chinese film distribution network is increasing. Appropriate audiovisual translation into Chinese is a part of creating a successful intercultural exchange. The article is devoted to the strategies of nationally-biased words rendering from Russian into Chinese in audiovisual translation. Apart from the analysis of translation into Chinese, the examples of translation into English were also analyzed for more complete picture of understanding such type of translation peculiarity. The Russian film “He is a Dragon”, which gained particular popularity among the Chinese audience, served the material for the study. The article focuses on the ethnographic, socio-political words of the Russian language rendering nationally-biased units and their ways of translating into a foreign language in an audiovisual format. The most common translation methods revealed in the course of the study were the following: the selection of a functional analogue, descriptive, contextual and rough translation. The method of phonetic translation or transcription was barely represented. Moreover, we succeeded in identifying translation inconsistencies and providing alternative translation options for a deeper understanding of the Russian cultural peculiarities by a foreign viewer.

   Until recently, there has not been much research on comparison and contrast of texts translated from complex original texts to translated short sentences, and there is almost no research on syntactic transformation between Russian and Korean.

   According to this situation, the purpose of the research in this paper is to study the phenomenon of syntactic transformation between the source language and the target language when translating literary works.

   In addition, the text translated from thesis article, in which complex sentences were translated into one simple sentence, was analyzed taking into account the aspect of translation techniques (translation shift).

   The relevance of this work is due to the significant lack of research work on translation between Korean and Russian languages.

   In particular, there are no studies comparing complex sentences in Korean and simple sentences in Russian, associated with the peculiarity of syntactic transformation, which is part of language transformation. The translated text examined in our study is the Korean novel “Princess Bari” written by Hwang Seok-young and published in 2007. In Russia, in 2015, this novel was published by Luch Publishing House LLC in Moscow and translated from Korean into Russian by Andrey Ryzhov.

   Destans are epic poems that played a significant role in the education and formation of Turkic youth during the Middle Ages. This article explores the importance of the destans as a source of education, values and cultural norms for Turkic youth living during the Middle Ages. Destans were epic tales of heroes and exploits that inspired young Turks to courage, honour and loyalty. These works included moral lessons and ideals that shaped the youth psychology, giving them strong morals and high moral standards. The main focus of the article is on how the destans promoted education among the Turkic youth. Epic stories in the destans often included clever advice and knowledge about the world, nature and human relationships. This contributed to the cultural and educational base of the young generation. In addition, the article examines the influence of destans on the formation of national identity of Turkic peoples. Destans transmitted historical events and traditions, strengthening the sense of belonging to a certain ethnic group. This article analyses the important role of destans in the education of Turkic youth of the medieval era. Destans not only developed the moral and educational qualities of youth, but also contributed to the preservation and strengthening of the national identity of Turkic peoples. Their influence on the formation of cultural and educational values remains relevant in our time, main-taining its importance in the history of Turkic peoples.

   This article presents a review of the current state of research on the history and culture of the Gaya confederacy, which engaged in centuries-long rivalry with Silla (57 BCE – 935 CE) in the territory of present-day Gyeongsang in the Republic of Korea. The history of the Gaya confederacy was marginalized due to the dominance of Silla, reflected in the “Samguk sagi”, which primarily focuses on the histories of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla, largely ignoring the significance of Gaya. In Japanese chronicles such as the “Nihon shoki”, the Gaya confederacy is depicted as a territory under the control of Yamato state of ancient Japan. These descriptions, based on the accounts of fleeing Baekje aristocrats and colonial prejudices of Japan, do not consider its actual history. After World War II, American military governments in Japan and Korea initiated a review of Japanese and Korean history textbooks, eliminating aggressive and discriminatory narratives. However, instead of restoring historical justice, there was an ignoring of the Gaya confederacy, exacerbated by the lack of information available to Korean historians. The situation began to change in the 1970^s with the start of excavations of Gaya tombs by Korean archaeologists. The artifacts discovered, comparable in quality to those found in Silla, laid the foundation for new research on the Gaya confederacy, correcting previous inaccuracies based solely on textual sources. As a result, new in-depth studies of the history and culture of the Gaya confederacy
became possible.

   This article analyzes the activities of Korean female divers, known as haenyeo (Korean: 해녀), who lived on Jeju Island. In the past, the work of female divers was considered a cultural product of this island. However, in the context of colonization, feudalism, and oppression by the Japanese Empire of the Korean Peninsula in the early 20^th century, haenyeo can be regarded as the backbone of the female anti-Japanese movement on Jeju Island and other nearby islands.

   The relevance of this study lies in examining the role of Jeju Island's haenyeo as symbols of female resistance to Japanese occupation on the Korean Peninsula.

   The aim of this study is to investigate the historical and cultural significance of Jeju Island's haenyeo as representatives of active resistance and to assess their role in the political and social context of that time.

   Materials and methods are based on the analysis of literary sources, historical data, and scientific articles describing the lives and activities of haenyeo during the Japanese occupation.

   The results of the study show that Jeju Island's haenyeo not only made a significant contribution to the development of the social role of women at that time but also became symbols of resistance to Japanese occupation, leading the fight for freedom and independence. Their active role in the anti-Japanese movement had a significant impact on public opinion and reinforced the belief in the necessity of equal rights and the struggle for liberation from colonial rule.

   The conclusions underscore that haenyeo emerged as key figures in the anti-Japanese struggle, contrary to traditional stereotypes regarding the role of women in society. Their activities played a crucial role in resisting Japanese occupation in the early 20^th century, making them symbols of strength, endurance, and spiritual resistance for independence in Korean history.

   The article is dedicated to comparative analysis of the historical memoirs of members of the Iranian revolutionary movement acting in Lebanon in the 1970^s.

   The principal objective of the research is to reconstruct hitherto unknown aspects of the first phase of the Lebanese civil war (1975-76).

   Thus far, this type of sources, as well as the problem of participation of the Iranians in the conflict on its’ initial stage, has barely received attention from specialists in the history of Lebanon and the Arab-Israeli conflict, as well as from Iranian historians and researchers working in the field of the modern history of Iran. However, these memoir sources may serve as a valuable source on the history of the first years of the Lebanese civil war, not only because they reveal unknown details of the social and political life in the country during the described period, but also because the fact that memoirs of the Iranians may present another perspective of the events of the conflict. In the frames of the historical study, the main information on the internal political situation that had developed in Lebanon by the beginning of the civil conflict, and on the events of the first stage of the Muslim-Christian confrontation, are identified and analyzed. In particular, on the basis of these sources, a characterization of the attitude of members of the Iranian opposition movement to the Palestinian problem is provided, and a reconstruction of how the Iranians perceived and understood the position of the Shiite community in Lebanon, are performed. Active participation of Iranian revolutionaries in the life of the Lebanese Shiite community in the period preceding the civil war is analysed. A description of the prominent events of the first stage of the armed conflict, including descriptions of episodes of hostilities reflected in the memories of the Iranians, is proposed.

   This study is devoted to analyzing the influence of the United States of America on the Republic of China (Taiwan). The Taiwan issue is seen as one of the fundamental factors in the context of relations between the People's Republic of China and the United States.

   The study is based on an analysis of bilateral agreements between the United States and the People's Republic of China on the issue of regional policy of China, regulatory documents of the People's Republic of China in relation to Taiwan, as well as similar documents of US legislation in relation to Taiwan.

   The authors identified the stages of formation of the Taiwan issue, identified the political and economic reasons for American influence on the Republic of China, and also considered prospects for the development of the Taiwan factor in the politics of mainland China at the present stage. In addition, this study examines the relationship between diplomatic and other steps on the part of the Chinese and American governments in the context of the changing world order, in particular, the spread of China’s influence in the European region through its economic influence. This study examines China's relations with Serbia and Hungary in the context of the development of economic cooperation in the field of infrastructure development in the long term, in particular, within the framework of the implementation of the Silk Road program.

   This article is devoted to the study of historical sources on the history of Kashmir, written in Persian. Kashmir experienced the influence of Iranian culture for a long time, which could not but affect the historiography of the region. There are a number of sources on the history of Kashmir in Persian, which are covered in comparative detail in Iranian and world historiography. However, there are also texts less known to the scientific community that need to be studied and made more accessible for review. One such source is the work of Muhammad ‘Azam Didamari «Vaqi‘at-i Kashmir» or «Events of Kashmir».

   The main purpose of this article is to analyze three copies of the manuscript «Vaqi‘at-i Kashmir» stored in the collection of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences and determine the significance of this source in the context of the historiography of Kashmir by using historical-comparative, textual and linguistic methods of scientific research.

   The result of the work done can be called the development and analysis of the text of the manuscript, the comparison of three of its copies from the collection of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts RAS with each other, as well as with two other copies stored in Kashmir and Calcutta and available online.

   As the main conclusions given in the article, it can be mentioned that the copies of «Vaqi‘at-i Kashmir» from the collection of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts RAS are the lifetime of the author and the earliest of all the copies at our disposal.

   The text of the manuscript is a kind of collection of names of Sufis, scholars and poets of Kashmir, partly a geographical guide to Kashmir, as well as a source on the history of Kashmir – if we talk about the last chapter.

   This article analyzes the role of public-private partnerships in shaping a sustainable cybersecurity policy in Japan and examines key aspects of cooperation and their effectiveness. Based on statistical data, the author examines the main difficulties faced by actors in establishing public-private partnerships. The author concludes that at the current stage, due to the high degree of dependence of critical infrastructure on private companies, the establishment of close public-private partnerships will be the basis for a stable and sustainable cyberspace in the future.

 Review of the first edition of the fundamental work of O.M. Kovalevsky (1800–1878).