The article reveals the features of the vocab- ulary of the Bargut dialects (the language of the old and new Barguts of the IMАR of the PRC) in a comparative study with the Buryat and Mongolian languages. Drawing these lexical parallels reveals and reveals the actual Bargut words and phrases. The subject of the study includes the semantic features of the original vocabulary of the Barguts. The purpose of the work is to identify the actual Bargut vocabulary. The work uses the works of domestic, Chinese and Mongolian linguists, the author’s field materials obtained during research expeditions, the Dictionary of the Bargut dialect, republished by the author in 2021 in a five-language format with Russian and Mongolian (Khalkha-Mongolian) equivalents. In addition, various dictionaries of the Mongolian languages, Chinese and Manchu languages, lexical material from scientific literature on Mongolian studies, Mongolian lexicology, and dialectology were used. In the course of the work, such research methods as the method of analysis, generalization, continuous sampling, descriptive, comparative-historical, lexicographic and comparative were used. As a result of the study, a fairly large layer of Bargut native vocabulary is found that has no analogues in other related Mongolian languages, which, firstly, confirms the high degree of uniqueness, originality and richness of the language, and secondly, demonstrates a fairly high degree of stability and preservation of the language in complex multicultural conditions, thirdly, indicates an im- pressive lexical foundation for enrichment, further harmonious development of the language.

The article is devoted to the specifics of the use of クッション言葉 in Japanese language through the prism of the theory of politeness put forward by American sociolinguists Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson in their joint work “Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage.” The relevance of this article is due to the need to clearly understand the purpose of using クッショ ン言葉 in Japanese, which can help in teaching Japanese politeness categories. The purpose of writing this article is to analyze what function クッション言葉 perform in Japanese speech and how they contribute to the observance of speech etiquette, as well as what place they occupy in the categories of politeness described by Brown and Levinson. The method of component analysis was used in this work. The study concluded that クッ ション言葉 are used for both negative and posi- tive politeness purposes.

This article discusses the method of "lexical guessing" in language learning for students studying Vietnamese and Korean as the second and third languages. However, the suggested method does not receive due attention in teaching foreign languages. Thus, in this study, we attempted to unleash the potential of this method in the process of determining the meaning of words belonging to the semantic field “person” borrowed from the Chinese language “人” in Vietnamese “ngườ i” and Korean “인”.

This study analyzes the terms in the field of the beauty industry and their etymological features. The terminology was limited to make-up products as well as grooming cosmetics. The article briefly discusses the history of the origin and application of makeup. The selection of lexical material was carried out by the method of controlled selection from modern Turkish printed publications, catalogs of professional cosmetics. In this study, each lexical unit is analyzed from its original form to its modern usage in the Turkish language. The conclusions provide a correlation of the obtained etymological data of the studied terms.

This article explores the political trajectory of Bulent Ecevit, a Turkish politician, and his notable transformation in views and actions over three decades of active political engagement. The study aims to identify key factors that have influenced his successes and failures in politics. To achieve this goal, the analysis of Ecevit's biography, political speeches, examination of his relations with the armed forces and religious institutions, as well as the analysis of election results and public opinion were utilized.

The research revealed that Ecevit consistently advocated for the interests of the working class and the underprivileged, projecting an image as "a man of the people and for the people." His charisma and personal qualities played significant roles in his political career. Initially, a proponent of social-democratic values, he emerged as a naional hero after the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, cultivating a patriotic image. However, despite his successes and leadership qualities, his political transformation was not accompanied by the establishment of a sustainable organization capable of surviving after his departure from the political arena.

The article's conclusions emphasize the importance of experience and political maturity in Ecevit's career, his ability to compromise and exhibit leadership skills, as well as the necessity of creating institutionally stable political movements for long-term success. This study provides a deeper understanding of Bulent Ecevit's political persona and his significance in Turkish politics.

The article presents the results of an analysis of a comprehensive plan for the development of bilateral economic cooperation between Japan and Russia, proposed by Shinzo Abe at the summit in Sochi in May 2016 as Shinzo Abe’s “new approach”, the concepts of “entry theory” and “exit theory” that guided Shinzo Abe in relation to Russia. The features of the directions of the proposed plan in the areas of energy, transport, information and communications, environment, health and medical safety, expansion of investment and trade, improvement of the environment and promotion of interregional exchanges are considered.

The author substantiated the conclusion that this initiative had limitations in its implementation, considered their reasons, and the results achieved in the context of the problem of the “northern territories”.

The article explores the dynamics of relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia starting at the period of the Islamic revolution in 1979 and up to the current stage. A special emphasis is placed upon the correlation of interests of the two power centers of the Islamic world in the Persian Gulf zone. The tools that Tehran and Riyadh have used to strengthen their positions within the framework of the Persian Gulf relations complex are analyzed, including instrumentalization of the religious factor, creation of military blocs, and use of proxy forces. The paper compares the course of Saudi Arabia and post-revolutionary Iran in two vectors: regional and religious. It is noted that the relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia have gone through the stages of confrontation and cooperation, which have been triggered by personal ambitions, on the one hand, and the desire to stabilize the regional situation, on the other.

The subject of the study are different problems with the export activity of the defense industry enterprises of Perm city to the DPRK in 1959– 1964, i.e. in the period when the USSR industry was managed not by branch ministries, but by regional economic councils (so called sovnarkhoz). Control over the export activities of Perm enterprises was entrusted firstly to the Perm Council of National Economy (sovnarkhoz), and since December 1962 to the one of the West Ural Economic District. Enterprises that made products for the needs of the defense industry, in addition to their official name, were also assigned a conditional number, so they were called "numbered" and "mailboxes" ("p/box"). Nevertheless, such enterprises exported their products mainly to the countries of the so-called "people's democracy", having played a significant role in the history of the formation of the industry of many states, among which was the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), which determined the relevance of the chosen research topic. During this period, exports to the DPRK were carried out through seven large Perm defense plants subordinate to the departments of mechanical engineering and metallurgy, chemical, electrical and other industries, however, this article does not consider two chemical industry enterprises whose export activities in relation to North Korea were investigated in a separate article on export supplies to this country by Perm chemical industry plants. The regional sovnarkhozes functioned in 1957–1965, however, the choice of the period 1959–1964 as a chronological framework is due to the fact that it was at this time that the Perm defense factories exported their products to the DPRK. The article investigates the process of organizing the supply of products by Perm enterprises to North Korea and the problems associated with exports to this country.

The novelty of the research is that the source base for this article is based on the materials of the State Archive of the Perm Krai (SAPK) covering the activities of the Department of Foreign Relations of the CNE of the West Ural Eco- nomic District. The documents were first introduced into scientific circulation within the framework of the topic under study.

The intensification of Turkey’s policy towards the Libyan conflict after the escalation in 2019, marked by the signing of two memorandums with the Government of National Accord in Tripoli: “On mutual understanding in the field of security and military cooperation” and “On the issue of demarcation of maritime borders in the Eastern Mediterranean” formed a new balance of power and strengthened Ankara’s position not only in Libya, but throughout the Mediterranean region. Against this background, the attention of the Turkish expert and analytical community to studying the interests, tools and limits of the foreign policy capabilities of other international actors involved in the Libyan conflict has increased significantly.

The article provides an overview and an attempt at a basic historiographical analysis of the existing ideas in the modern expert and analytical community of Turkey about the role of external actors in the Libyan conflict in the light of the key interests and goals of Turkish foreign policy.

The study is based on the results of the analysis of academic and expert-analytical materials mainly in Turkish and English. When writing the article, analytical materials from the Turkish “thought factory” SETA were used on the policies of foreign states in Libya.

The authors come to the conclusion that, in general, the policies pursued by foreign states in Libya are characterized by Turkish experts as ineffective and destructive, due to the contradictions existing in their positions and their focus on maximizing intermediate benefits, rather than the final resolution of the conflict. The only exception is Italy, whose position is regarded by Turkish experts as closest to the Turkish approach to the Libyan conflict. At the same time, Turkish researchers emphasize the irritation of external actors with the intensification of Turkish policy in Libya, especially after 2019, which may become an obstacle not so much to the implementation of the goals of Turkish policy as to the resolution of the conflict.

The starry sky has been an inexhaustible source of inspiration for representatives of all peoples of the world since ancient times. Many myths and legends are dedicated to him, with his help people determined the time for crops, and sailors found their way home. The Korean people are no exception – drawings of asters are still present on ancient dolmens. One of their most famous scientific researches in this field is the Joseon Star Chart, the chart of the constellations and the regions they govern, compiled at the dawn of the Li Dynasty. The relevance of our research is due to the fact that the map was used not only for stargazing, but also had a number of political functions, since its creation strengthened the position of the ruler who came to power. This is of particular importance for understanding the politics of the time and the ways in which Wang's power was justified. Therefore, the purpose of our study is to study its history and the functions it carried. To do this, the sources describing its creation and distribution were analyzed.

The ‘discovery of Hinduism’ is described as meaningful component in social thought in the Bengal Renaissance XIX – early XXth century. Being the part of ‘discovery of India’ (J. Nehru), the phenomenon proceeded from the response of Bengal intellectuals to spiritual and intellectual challenge for Indian religious traditions from Christianity and Western culture. The phenomenon is the becoming of thought about native religion and the attempts of its description to create the image of Hinduism in comparison of other religions Christianity and Islam. The foundation for the discovery had been created by Rammohun Roy and his followers in the Brahmo Samaj. Their monotheistic image of Hinduism was addressed to coreligionists to prove its general and uniting ancient core and to equalize to other world religions. The discovery of native religion in its wholeness belongs to Neo-Hindu thinkers. Bankimchandra Chattopaddhyay, Swami Vivekananda, and Aurobindo Ghose have presented Hinduism as out- standing ‘unity in diversity’, that offers place for any worship practices as well as highest ideas on God. Being addressed both Indian and world audience, Neo-Hindu image of native religion united the positive and critical understanding to restore the dignity of his followers. The discovery of eternal values and high social norms in Hinduism served to social and cultural ‘gathering’ of India in Bengal thought.

韩少功新世纪的两部小说《日夜书》和《暗 示》通过对知青一代人命运的书写，对自我、知 青和时代进行审视。与80年代早期知青小说不同 的是，采用辩证的目光重审历史和社会，这其中 也有作家受到俄苏文学的影响，不同于以往对 “知 青下乡” 的单一政治视角，其具有复杂的审视内 涵，通过间接的自审方式，得出了一个开放的审 视结果。于社会韩少功想让他们这知青一代被看 见、被理解，于他个人则是在回顾青春和完成自 我的审视。