The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the factors influencing the consolidation of English vocabulary in the modern Turkish language. The research examines the causes and mechanisms of borrowing, the degree of assimilation of Anglicisms, as well as their role in shaping the contemporary lexical composition and linguistic worldview of Turkey. Particular attention is paid to the influence of globalization, technological development, and mass culture as key factors of linguistic change.

The objective of this study is to analyze the lexical-semantic and syntactic features of the implementation of defamation tactics in the digital diplomacy of the People’s Republic of China within a specialized corpus of media texts derived from press conferences of the PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 2024–2025. To achieve the objective the authors set themselves a number of tasks: to review existing definitions of digital diplomacy in Russian-language academic literature; to examine classifications of communicative strategies in digital diplomacy; to compile a specialized corpus based on officially published transcripts of PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs press conferences, focusing on instances of the keyword 美国 ‘USA’; and to identify lexical-semantic and syntactic features of defamation tactics within the corpus in the context of mentions of the keyword 美国 ‘USA’. The results of the study confirm that defamation in the digital diplomacy of the PRC is not a random element, but a systematic strategy implemented through carefully selected vocabulary and linguapragmatic devices.

The article is dedicated to the examination of referential expressions in the Chinese language. Referential expressions are formal means deployed in the coding of reference. The primary aim of the article is to offer an overview of the basic properties of Chinese referential system with the focus on lexically full means (such as common nouns, proper names, deictic words). Reduced referential expressions, such as pronouns, are not discussed here. In recent works, Chinese, traditionally considered to be an articleless language, has received more attention due to the of discussion of more or less grammaticalized means coding referential meanings of definiteness and indefiniteness. This results of the research are of significant importance not only for theoretical linguistics but also for applied fields such as translation, automatic text processing, and linguistic modeling.

Relevance of the study is driven by the need for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of interaction between religious-philosophical thought and art, particularly the influence of Buddhism on the formation of aesthetic principles in Chinese culture. Purpose of the article is to analyze the influence of Buddhist philosophy and imagery on the formation of the poetics of Chinese classical drama of the zaju genre in the Yuan era (1271–1368). The research is based on the analysis of nine plays where Buddhism is the central theme, as well as individual scenes from works not belonging to the purely Buddhist canon but bearing strong Buddhist influence. Methods of historical-literary, comparative, and structural-semantic analysis are used. The historical prerequisites for the flourishing of the Buddhist theme in drama (weakening of Confucian norms, influx of intellectuals into urban culture) are identified. The main narrative types of plays (“return to holiness”, “karmic retribution”, “spread of Dharma”, “awakening”) are determined. Key artistic techniques (allegory, symbolism, compositional structures) that transform religious ideas into popular art are analyzed. Conclusions. The conclusion is made about the fundamental role of Yuan-era Buddhist dramaturgy in the development of the aesthetics and poetics of the entire Chinese theater. The narrative techniques and symbolic codes developed during this period, based on Buddhist philosophy, became an integral part of Chinese drama in subsequent eras.

This article provides a detailed analysis of communicators' deviations from Grice's rules of cooperative communication from the perspective of polite interaction. The study's results demonstrate that Grice's maxims do not contradict, but rather confirm, G. Leech's theory of polite communication. Furthermore, mitigation and various linguistic means of expressing it are key to maintaining face, harmony, and balance in communication. It should be noted that ethical, cultural, and behavioral attitudes influence the ways in which communicative mitigation is represented, including in Chinese. Thus, in the context of Chinese interpersonal discourse, participants often resort to tactics of hinting, evasion, or silence, which helps mitigate communicative risks in face-threatening situations. The findings can be further used in research on politeness and the linguistic and cultural characteristics of the Chinese language.

The article examines the image of stone in Guohua painting through the lens of philosophical symbolism, aesthetic evaluation criteria, and artistic practice. Stone is interpreted as a model of the universe, expressing ideas of harmony and the dialectic of emptiness and fullness. The search for beauty in nature, inherent in Daoist practices and Confucian worldview concepts, has significantly influenced the representation of stone in Chinese visual art. For a long time, unusual stones have been an object of admiration and collection for many members of the Chinese intelligentsia. Stones served as a theme for literary and artistic creation. It is argued that stone serves not merely as a decorative element but as an important cultural code expressing ideas of harmony, resilience, and the connection between humanity and the universe. The depiction of stones and mountains in Chinese artists' works embodies key principles of the Chinese's visual arts tradition.

Pu Song-ling's work (蒲松齡, 1640-1715) provides many examples of references to Buddhist subjects and testifies to the writer's excellent knowledge of classical texts of Mahayana Buddhism. Since Buddhist quotations and allusions in his texts were printed without explanations or comments in the 17th and 18th centuries, it can be assumed that the fascination with Buddhist ideas among Chinese scribes of that time was a very common phenomenon.; In the publications of the late 19th century, all these points, along with other textual difficulties, are published with detailed commentary, often exceeding the volume of the original text itself. The article is devoted to the consideration of this issue using the example of Pu Song-ling's frequently encountered Buddhist subjects, as well as his stylistic imitations of classical Buddhist texts.

This article examines one of the most widespread forms of mass information dissemination and communication in the media world in recent years: podcasts. The initiators of China's first bilingual Chinese-Russian podcast, "Let's Talk in Russian," based at the Faculty of Philology and the Secretariat of the Board of Directors of Moscow State University-PPI, analyze the positive aspects and shortcomings of the project they launched in 2023 and 2024 with the aim of improving this practically oriented systemic model of intercultural interaction and learning, as well as developing a methodological rationale for the implementation of similar projects in China. The authors focus on the basic structure and functional features of the podcast (building a multifaceted content architecture, thematic selection of programs, interaction with a multi-subject target audience, etc.), as well as the effectiveness of media product distribution, related tasks, and ways to solve them. The development of this project is not only subject to educational and informational goals but is also aimed at fulfilling the mission of maintaining cultural identity and mutual understanding between China and Russia, which makes the choice of research topic relevant.

The paper presents the evolution of SinoPakistani military-technical cooperation (MTC) in the second half of the 20th and early 21st centuries: from its inception and the establishment of a political-diplomatic foundation in the 1960s, through the expansion of interaction in the 1970s– 1990s, to the transition toward large-scale joint projects in the 21st century. The aim is to identify the main stages and internal logic of the development of MTC between China and Pakistan, as well as its limitations. The source base includes Russian, Chinese, Pakistani, and other materials in Russian, English, and Chinese, encompassing official documents, academic studies, and analytical reports from leading international research centers. The study applies methods of analysis, comparison, generalization, and classification, along with historical-chronological and systemic approaches. The findings reveal a shift from episodic arms deliveries and military assistance to an institutionalized partnership and full-cycle cooperation in the 21st century, including joint development and localization of weapons systems, modernization programs, and the deployment of new military systems. Expert assessments underline Pakistan’s growing technological and operational dependence on China in the military sphere. At the same time, several structural constraints are identified: technological asymmetry and dependence on critical components, financial vulnerability of major defense programs, concentration of imports from a single supplier, and risks related to supply chains and after-sales support. Overall, militarytechnical cooperation has become a cornerstone of the strategic partnership between China and Pakistan, ensuring the accelerated modernization of Pakistan’s armed forces while reinforcing their technological dependence on China’s defense industry.

The article examines the new reality emerging in the context of the transformation of the unipolar world into a multipolar one, including in the context of the Ukrainian crisis. An attempt is being made to understand and analyze the true motives of U.S. President Donald Trump.Trump, who announced a fundamentally new foreign policy course in comparison with D. Biden's policy, especially in its Russian incarnation. The author analyzes the policy of President Vladimir Putin in the context of upholding the interests of Russia. Understanding the goals and objectives of the People's Republic of China on the world stage is the most difficult.

The article examines the influence of Chinese culture on the formation of medical proverbs collected by the Russian physician Pyotr Alekseevich Kornevsky, who worked in Beijing in the mid-19th century. The presented proverbs, devoted to maintaining health, methods of treating diseases, body structure and the course of processes in the body, reflect the main medical, cultural and philosophical attitudes of the Chinese. Scientific relevance is associated with insufficient study of this topic in Russian Sinology. Scientific novelty lies in the uniqueness of the source used — an unpublished draft version of the article by P.A. Kornevsky - and its introduction into scientific circulation.

The present paper is an investigation into the question of whether the Jesuit Library, which has existed in Beijing since the seventeenth century, was donated or, alternatively, passed to the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in the 1830s as an entrusted property. When Roman Catholic missionaries were allowed to return to China in 1860 this library was returned to them. This evidence is regarded by some as a confirmation that the library was only entrusted temporarily to the Russian Mission for safekeeping. However, the renowned Russian orientalists, J.Kowalewski and V.Vasilyev, who witnessed these events, left testimonies that the library was presented to the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission as a gift by the Roman Catholics. As a logical outcome of the ownership of the contents of the library some books in Chinese and in European languages were sent to Russia even during the lifetime of Archbishop Pereira – the last bishop of Beijing. Now these books which bear the seal stamps of the Society of Jesus are kept in the libraries of Kazan and Saint Petersburg Universities.

The presented work is devoted to the island states of the Pacific Ocean, representing one of the key zones of the Sino-American confrontation. The relevance of this topic is due to the dominant position of the United States in the world, as well as the growing role of China in the system of international relations, which can radically reshape the geopolitical balance in the region. Over the past decade, stability in the Pacific region has gradually deteriorated due to the increasing confrontation between key players in the region. China accuses US allies and partners of militarizing the islands and striving for regional hegemony, while the United States is trying to "play the card" of the Pacific region in order to curb China's growth as a maritime power. All sides have reasons to maintain and expand their military and economic presence on the Pacific islands, and one of the main reasons is control over maritime transport communications. The study analyzes the behavior and tactical steps in cooperation with China and the United States that can affect the balance of power in the region.

In 1936-1957 Chinese historiographer Fang Guoyu (1903-1983), a representative of the Naxi ethnic group and a native of Yunnan province, had been collecting and studying Chinese historical sources in order to investigate the history of Tai peoples on Yunnan during the Yuan dynasty. Moreover, he spent his whole life compiling the multivolume work “The Collection of the Yunnan Historical Sources” (Yunnan shiliaocongkan雲南史 料叢刊, 1990-1998). Any researcher of the ethnic history of the peoples inhabiting Yunnan should keep in mind the results of Fang Guoyu`s work. His contribution is not limited to the overall and accurate analysis of the sources in Chinese and other languages, even more important in the optics that he chose to study the Tai groups, seen as developing their own small polities in the borderland of present day China, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand independently from China, and having interacted with the neighboring peoples such as the Han Chinese, the Yizu, the Burmese etc. Such approach may be considered innovative for the early XX century Chinese history-writing with its strong inclination for “Sinocentrism”.

The article discusses the origin and development of translation profession in China from ancient times to modern times. There are three major periods of translation activity associated with the expansion of China's political, cultural and economic ties with both neighboring and distant countries. The evolutionary development of the profession of an Interpreter (Dragoman) is traced from the first written references to it in the ancient source of the era of Zhou (XI–III centuries BC) “Zhou Lee” “The establishments of the Zhou dynasty” until the beginning of the reform movement in China in the first third of the 20th century.

The article examines the history of the birth of one of the important symbols of the PRC — the national flag. The leading role in its development belonged to the Communist Party of China. Leaders of democratic and social circles, patriotic political and military figures, and representatives of the creative intelligentsia took an active part in organizing the work on the competitive selection of projects for the national flag.
During the discussion and selection of competitive projects, the main guiding principles were political orientation, revolutionary essence, class approach, national characteristics, aesthetic appeal, and ease of manufacture.
The final decision was made by the leaders of the CPC after a thorough selection, democratically, taking into account the opinion of the minority of delegates who represented democratic parties and patriotic public organizations.
The adoption of the five-star red flag, symbolizing the great unity of the Chinese revolutionary people, as the national flag meant that the Communist Party of China demonstrated its readiness to lead all the revolutionary patriotic forces of the Chinese people in the establishment and construction of a new state.

Metaphorical secondary nominations possess a high cultural load, yet their current status and the level of automated translation remain understudied. This article investigates Russian metaphorical nominations, specifically systematizing the productivity of their semantic derivation models and their current developmental status. By comparing interpretation data from Russian dictionaries and results obtained through the large language model Deepseek, the translation accuracy of the specified linguistic units is evaluated, and corresponding optimization recommendations are formulated.