The description of the nomenclature for the comic phenomenon is complicated by the possibility of examining the issue from different perspectives: specifically, through literary analysis or the perspective of common sense. Throughout history, these two approaches have led to inconsistencies in naming the phenomenon. Western scholarship interprets the comic as a specific aesthetic and social category that includes a whole system of various genres and modalities. However, in Turkish literary scholarship, this phenomenon did not receive sufficient attention until the 20th century, and hence, this area lacks a necessary nomenclature. In this study, the phenomenon of humor has been investigated with the aim of establishing the required definitions. This article examines the historical aspects of how humor has developed in Turkish and detects the related definitions and logical connections between them. It also identifies the factors that have influenced the formation of these definitions. The specific categories of comic in Turkish were illustrated through forms of national culture, which contributed to the creation of visual patterns, cultural codes, and memes. In conclusion the found pieces of nomenclature were summarized in a classification based on their origins.

There are various criteria for analyzing translated texts in order to study these translated texts, but in many cases, translation researchers confuse terms while using them. Till our days, scientists use many different methods of analysis to analyze translations, the starting point was the question of what is the reason for it. In other words, the purpose of the study is to find the reason for the mixed use of translation analysis methods. In this article, we have tried to group the perspectives of analyzing translated texts according to criteria for a clearer understanding of the terms used in translation. This study, using the predefined term “categories of translation norms,” has attempted to understand the intricate concepts involved in translation studies. When analyzing the translation text, it became clear that subtypes belonging to different categories are mixed and used within one translation category, which occurs due to the structure of the categories of translation norms, which combines different points of view on translation analysis.

The study of political discourse is both relevant and crucial in terms of understanding the political processes in different countries, and the study of precedent phenomena is a valuable tool for understanding language, culture and society. This article focuses on identifying the sources of precedent phenomena functioning in the political discourse of the modern Chinese language. The study is based on the speeches by the president of the PRC Xi Jinping made from January 2023 to May 2024. In the article, the author defines the categories of the identified precedent phenomena, classifies them by sphere, source, and time of origin. In addition, the author highlights several patterns associated with the sources of precedent phenomena in the categories of “literature” and “politics” and provides examples of linguistic units that became precedent phenomena after being mentioned in the speeches. This article may be relevant to specialists conducting interdisciplinary research: for instance, research focusing on the features of PRC’s political discourse or the distinctive traits of precedent phenomena functioning in various types of discourse.

The rapid development of economic relations between Russia and China requires high-quality training of specialists with professional Chinese language skills. In addressing this task, the primary focus is on developing a unified Russian standard for professional Chinese language proficiency; this is precisely the relevance of the present article.

The purpose of the article is to present a model example of a professional Chinese language proficiency standard. To achieve this goal, the paper covers the release of a key document from the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China on teaching foreigners professional Chinese – the “Standard for Professional Chinese Language Proficiency”. The full text of this document is presented, which has been translated into Russian for the first time by the author of the article from Chinese. This standard can also function as a foundation for developing new approaches in teaching “Chinese Language +” in Russia.

This article is devoted to the study of the development of agriculture in China during the reign of the Song Dynasty. The interest in this period is caused by the fact that the Chinese managed to get out of the economic crisis that began at the end of Tang's reign. One of the reasons of the rapid economic recovery is that Song agriculture was innovative for its time and created the economic base that not only helped to overcome the economic crisis, but also provoked population growth, trade and economic development. In addition, under this article is dedicated to the study of the speech acts of gratitude in the Vietnamese language, based on the theoretical foundations of speech act theory. The aim of the work is to identify the structural-semantic and pragmatic characteristics of expressions of gratitude, as well as to determine the differences in the functioning of direct and indirect forms of this speech act. The empirical basis of the research is a corpus of texts containing fragments of academic, literary, and journalistic literature in Vietnamese, created in the 20th-21st centuries. The analysis applied contextual, componential, and interpretative methods, which allowed for the identification of both explicit and implicit forms of expressing gratitude. The results demonstrate that the speech acts of gratitude in Vietnamese are characterized by a wide structural variability and a high degree of pragmatic differentiation, which confirms the importance of considering socio-cultural factors when studying the communicative behavior of native speakers of this language.

Various linguistic constructions of political discourse have repeatedly become the object of research in the framework of such sciences as linguistics, sociology, political science, etc. But modern scientists note that the problem of the lack of a single universal classification of manipulative units and the presence of constructive features of strategies both in different languages and within one requires study in a comparative aspect. In the article presented to your attention, theoretical and practical research is carried out, actual language constructions of English, Russian and Turkish analyzed. As a result of studying the issue in an interdisciplinary aspect in the studies of both domestic and foreign authors. Practical work on this issue has revealed differences related to the mental models of the potential audience.

Metaphor as a rhetorical device has traditionally been a topic of interest in rhetoric, linguistics, and cognitive sciences. In the past, linguistic studies of metaphor have primarily focused on examining its semantic transformation and grammatical structure separately, while comparative studies of metaphorical models in specific diplomatic texts from different countries have been virtually absent. In the current context of geopolitical instability and information overload, every diplomatic interaction between China and Russia, the two largest powers, sends a powerful signal to the world about cooperation and their stabilizing role.

Metaphors have become an integral part of interstate communication strategies, allowing positions, expectations, and warnings to be conveyed subtly but effectively. Furthermore, evaluativity in diplomatic texts, as a linguistic category, often best reflects the Chinese and Russian perception of events and the emotional tendencies of the parties involved. This article attempts to classify types of metaphors of evaluative adjectives in Chinese and Russian diplomatic discourse, taking into account institutional discursive features, as well as the results of linguists' research. The material for the study was provided by metaphorical constructions and models selected from a corpus of texts related to Chinese and Russian public diplomatic communication.

The aim of the study is a comparative analysis of metaphor models of evaluative adjectives in Chinese and Russian diplomatic discourse. The results of the study show that the metaphorical models of the two countries depend on the events occurring in the country during a specific period of time.

The article deals with the teleological argument, expounded by the world-famous Indian thinker and public figure Swami Vivekananda one of its Western lectures. The question of finding and justification of rational arguments for the existence of God has been relevant throughout the history of philosophical thought. Among all the justifications for the existence of God, thinkers singled out a teleological argument, also called the argument from design. This argument became famous in the presentation of the medieval philosopher and theologian Thomas Aquinas, as well as the Anglican theologian of the 19th century William Paley. The teleological argument in favor for the existence of God was also developed in the Indian philosophical tradition, in particular, by thinkers of the nyaya and vaysheshika schools. It was most fully reflected in the work "Nyayakusmanjali" by Udayana, the philosopher of the 10th century. In Western lectures, Vivekananda was forced to present convincing arguments for the truth of his religious beliefs to the audience, so he paid great attention to the rational justifications for the existence of God. Swami Vivekananda teachings have not lost their popularity until our days, therefore, the study of the argument formulated by the thinker in defense of the existence of God is relevant. Through hermeneutical and comparative historical methods, the article analyzes the texts of speeches, lecture notes and Vivekananda's correspondence. It is revealed that the argument from religious experience prevails in the works of the Indian thinker. Vivekananda also expounds historical, moral, cosmological and teleological arguments. In presenting the teleological argument, the Indian thinker appeals to the co-presence and temporal ordering of the universe, does not fully accept Darwin's theory and tries to reconcile his ideas with the scientific knowledge of his era. The article defines the reasons for the thinker's criticism of the argument from design. The conclusion is made about Vivekananda's construction of the teleological argument in its Indian version.

The article analyzes the role of the Women’s Volunteer Corps within the military units of the South Korean army during the Korean War of 1950-1953. The topic of female soldiers’ participation in this conflict had long been insufficiently studied, which contributed to the distortion of the historical narrative and the underestimation of their contribution to the military efforts aimed at unifying the Korean Peninsula under the leadership of President Syngman Rhee.

The aim of this study is to identify and systematize the role of the Women’s Volunteer Corps, as well as to assess the reaction of the public and military structures to the participation of women in military actions at that time. The materials and methods are based on the analysis of literary sources, historical data, and scientific articles describing the involvement of South Korean women in the Women’s Volunteer Corps from 1950 to 1953.

The research results demonstrate that the Women’s Volunteer Corps played a significant role in the Korean War. Female volunteers made important contributions not only to administrative and support activities but also to maintaining the morale of the South Korean army and society. Despite the limitations imposed by traditional gender stereotypes and the barriers created by military structures, the participation of women in the Women’s Volunteer Corps contributed to strengthening the military power of the Republic of Korea.

The study’s conclusions emphasize the need to revise the historical narrative of the Korean War, taking into account the contributions of female volunteers. Ignoring their role leads to an incomplete understanding of the Republic of Korea’s military efforts and the importance of women’s participation in this conflict.

This article is devoted to the study of the process of adaptation, transformation and change of values by a migrant family on the example of Ho Chi Minh city (Vietnam). Ho Chi Minh City (Ho Chi Minh City) is one of the largest economic, cultural and social centers of the southern economic key region and the whole country. This makes it attractive for the influx of migrants from rural areas. If now, on average, about 200,000 people arrive in the city annually, then by 2050 a multiple increase in the number of people coming from other regions of the country is predicted. Thus, it can be said that migration is one of the driving forces behind the acceleration of the urbanization process of Ho Chi Minh City. However, reality shows that many families cannot adapt to new conditions, which in turn leads to the disintegration of families, provoking social and other problems. All this has a negative effect on the appearance of a modern city. Solving problems related to the adaptation of migrant families is an important task.

The subject of the study is the programs of the government of the Republic of Korea aimed at the development of innovation in the country. The chronological framework of the work is defined by the period from 1998 to 2013, which is due to the rule of such presidents as Kim Dae-jung, Roh Moohyun and Lee Myung-bak.

By the beginning of the 21st century, the Republic of Korea had established its science and technology base as well as research and development centers. The government established technoparks, which became a base for the development of innovation. the factor of government support as well as the desire of private companies to develop in this area played a big role in the field of high technology. Now the government of South Korea has set a goal to take the appropriate place among the developed states, actively developing new spheres of industries related to innovation.

The novelty of the study lies in a comprehensive examination of the South Korean government's public policy in the field of innovation development in the first decade of the XXI century. The effectiveness of the government of the Republic of Korea in the implementation of national innovation projects in the designated period was analyzed.

The article presents the results of the analysis of the activities of the Civil Administration of South Sakhalin in managing the region in the period 1945-1947. The tasks and difficulties that the civil administration had to face in managing the region, where the majority of the population were Japanese, are considered. Particular attention is paid to the interaction of the head of the civil administration of South Sakhalin Dmitry Kryukov with the military and the former Japanese leadership, the reforms carried out in the field of economy, labor and social life of citizens. The ways of solving the problem of mutual understanding between the two peoples, the peculiarities of the interaction of Soviet citizens with the Japanese population of the island up to the moment of repatriation of the Japanese population, and the dynamics of the relationship of the Japanese civilian population to the establishment of Soviet power in South Sakhalin are considered.

The system of US-led alliances or the huband-spoke system is the cornerstone of US dominance in the Indo-Pacific region and a tool to deter China's ambitions. In recent years, the system has been modifying, involving more regional powers and combining bilateral alliances into the minilateral QUAD and AUKUS, which challenge China in the field of both traditional and non-military security. Despite the unwillingness of allies to enter into confrontation with China, their cooperation can be perceived as one of the prerequisites for the implementation of the Cold War scenario for the US-Chinese conflict.

Review of the monograph by M.F. Albedil, which is a scientific commentary on the first collection of works by the outstanding ethnographer and historian Yu.V. Knorozov.